Автор: editorial

Категории: Building

Panel house building

Panel house building is one of the methods of prefabricated construction, including the modern method of large-panel housing construction (KPD). With the release of all elements of panel buildings at specialized enterprises of large-panel and frame-panel housing construction: KPD Plants or Reinforced Concrete Products Plants, KPD Combines or House-Building Plant (DSK); = a method based on the use in the construction of multi-story residential buildings, large administrative and public buildings of standard series of pre-fabricated structural elements of buildings: blocks, large reinforced concrete panels, and prefabricated slabs.

The first houses in which large panels made of reinforced concrete were used appeared in 1910, as part of Forest Hills Gardens, located in one of the suburbs of New York, Queens. This project was a garden city.

Named after the engineer and architect Grosvenor Atterbury, the principle of construction is known in Europe as the Atterbury System. In the UK and France, this was preceded by the construction of experimental facilities using small concrete elements. These structures used commercially produced elements from other raw materials - wood, metal, etc.

Panel house building in world practice is widely used in the presence of three main prerequisites:

1. There is a need for mass construction in areas where the demand and the price of the housing allow to cover the production costs of large-panel blocks and their logistics.

2. There is an appropriate raw material base, energy, and resources for production.

3. Comprehensive preparation of construction sites for the massive development of panel houses requires special technical solutions.

The construction of panel houses is impossible in the absence of roads of sufficient carrying capacity and width (special vehicles for the delivery of large assembly units - panel locomotives, as part of a road train weigh up to 40 tons and have transport turning radii up to 18 meters or require the organization of through passages along with each assembled house). The use of powerful lifting crane equipment on construction sites (panel weight up to 9 tons with boom outreaches of at least 30 meters requires the use of cranes with a lifting capacity of 14 tons).

The positive qualities of panel housing construction are the quick assembly of the structures of the residential building being erected, a high degree of finishing readiness of structures (ideally flat elements and surfaces that do not require finishing costs), the quality of industrially produced structures and prefabricated elements is much higher than that of structures manufactured under construction site conditions. ... The maximum number of stories is determined by calculating the structures of a residential building and can be 25 floors or more.

Modern panel residential buildings are developing simultaneously with the changing technological solutions of production. Competition in production is very high, which forces technologists of house-building factories to attract materials and technologies that not only reduce direct material costs but also improve the consumer quality of products, including reducing the tolerances of deviations in the geometric parameters of products, products become more convenient in installation, in finishing. Ready-made solutions for facade finishing in the factory are used. Manufacturing is practically moving away from being bound to a fixed design step, that is, the dimensions of products can now be limited only by weight parameters and transport dimensions upon delivery.

In modern technological conditions, the positive qualities of panel housing construction have become quite applicable for low-rise and individual housing construction.

The accumulated experience of the northern countries of Europe in low-rise construction with the use of panels (Finland, Sweden, Estonia, and Germany) allows the use of new technologies not only in the production of panels but also in design solutions for the installation of buildings. So, not only welded, but also flooded (monolithic, or, correctly, "monolithic") joints of structures have found application in construction, which makes the structure not only monolithic but also increases the overall resistance of the structure to the influence of wind (blowing of the seams), simplifies the solution of issues sealing. The structural calculation of such a building is done as a monolithic building (as opposed to welded joints in the calculation, which are taken into account as hinged joints), taking into account the reinforced ties in the joints of structures themselves.

There are also factories in Russia that use modern technological solutions and units in panel and frame housing construction.

Frame buildings

Frame-panel buildings are subdivided into two structural schemes: with a full-frame and with an internal frame.

Buildings erected according to the " full frame" scheme are structurally a spatial frame, which is formed with the help of external support columns-columns and ribbed floor panels. Panels of walls and internal partitions, which are load-bearing, are attached to the frame racks. In addition, the “full-frame” scheme includes buildings with a transverse and longitudinal frame.

In buildings of the " inner frame" type, there are no external support columns, and the load-bearing columns are the internal columns and panels of the external walls on which the floor slabs rest.

The spans of frame-panel buildings are 5.6 m or 6 m. Columns are spaced along with the building with a pitch of 3.2 m or 3.6 m. The height of the floors of such buildings is 2.8 m when the columns are cut on two floors. The connection of crossbars and columns is welded. The columns have consoles that pass through and are made of rolled I-beams. The crossbars are supported on these consoles, with their lower part made with undercut.

In high-rise frame buildings (with a height of 12 to 16 floors and above), the step between the transverse frames is 6 m, which allows for a more free layout of the premises.

The height of the floors in high-rise buildings, depending on their purpose, can be:

· Administrative buildings, medical and educational institutions - 3.3 m.

· Residential buildings and hotels - 2.8 m.

· Design offices, shopping centers, laboratory buildings - 3.6 m or 4.2 m.

Frameless buildings

Large-panel buildings are of the frameless type. Depending on the number of stories of the building and its purpose, there are various design schemes.

Large-panel residential buildings and hotel-type houses with a height of up to five floors are divided into three main schemes:

· Buildings with load-bearing external and internal transverse and longitudinal walls.

· Buildings with self-supporting external walls and load-bearing transverse walls.

· Buildings with load-bearing external and internal longitudinal walls.

In buildings with transverse partitions, the load-bearing elements are internal transverse partitions, on which the floor slabs rest. External panels in such buildings are extremely lightweight and enlarged and act only as enclosing elements since they do not perceive the load from the floors.

What about the advantages and disadvantages of panel construction?

The components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs, are manufactured at house-building factories. In terms of quality, any products manufactured at the factory with proper technical control will always differ in a positive direction from products manufactured directly at the construction site.

The construction of a panel house resembles the assembly of a children's design kit. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders can only assemble. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. The area of ​​the construction site is much less than that required for the construction of a brick house. Such time-consuming and laborious processes as the installation of reinforcement or concrete, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. And this is exactly what experts see as the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction.

The disadvantage is the impossibility of producing a wide range of designs. This is especially true for the variety of forms of manufactured structures, which are limited to typical formwork. In fact, only structures that require mass use are manufactured at precast factories. In light of this circumstance, the widespread introduction of precast concrete technology leads to the emergence of a large number of similar buildings, which, in turn, leads to the degradation of the architecture of the region. This phenomenon was observed in many countries during the period of mass construction.

Source: Wikipedia