Advantages of High HIP Temperature for Titanium-based Alloys Structure and Properties

25/04/2014 1:17pm

Автор: Sergienko O.S.

Категории: materials science

Advantages of High HIP Temperature for Titanium-based Alloys Structure and Properties

Sergienko
Olga Sergeevna Sergienko
Zaporozhye National Technical University,
Zaporozhye

The paper discusses hot isostatic pressing (HIP) parameters optimum values to eliminate titanium castings porosity and improve their properties. Author suggests using high temperature instead of conventional treatment at 15 to 20oС lower than solid-state transformation of alpha-titanium to beta-titanium. According to research beta-titanium is more suited for HIP. It possesses lower creep resistance and yield strength, higher ductility and diffusion rate, low anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties. Researcher used different treatment parameters, all of which included rapid cooling in order to restrain grain growth. Fine structure and high mechanical properties were obtained using pressure of 140 MPa, holding at 960oС for 2 hours, subsequent holding at 1050oС and rapid cooling.
Keywords: titanium, hot isostatic pressing (HIP), casting defect, temperature

Introduction

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a process that subjects a component to elevated temperature and inert gaseous isostatic pressure in a high-pressure vessel. Under these conditions internal defects within solid bodies collapse and weld up. When choosing HIP parameters the combination of pressure, temperature and holding time must provide the best conditions to eliminate internal cavities and microporosity and at the same time to prevent phases melting and merging and grain growth [1].
HIP has the same effect on alloy microstructure, as any other kind of heat treatment; therefore HIP has a direct impact on mechanical properties of titanium alloys [2]. High HIP temperature and low cooling speed is the reason of coarse platelet structure which is the main reason of properties decrease. These factors influenced conventional choice of HIP temperature [3].
Titanium has two allotropic forms: low-temperature alpha-phase and high-temperature beta-phase. Alpha-titanium has hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattice and exists up to the temperature of 882oС, while at a higher temperature beta-titanium is formed with body centered cubic (BCC) lattice. To prevent grain growth conventional HIP temperature is chosen to be 15oС to 20oС than solid-state transformation. For titanium alloys this temperature varies from 870oС to 1000oС, while holding time differs from 2 to 10 hours depending on casting size and wall thickness. Pressure is chosen be higher than yield strength at HIP temperature [4,5]. Table 1 contains HIP parameters proposed by different researchers.
Table 1. HIP parameters proposed by different researchers.

 


Temperature, oС

Pressure, MPa

Holding time, h

Reference

900

100

-

6

1000-1150

100

-

7

950-1000

75-100

-

7

954

103

2

8

900-1000

100-120

-

9

900-950

103

2-4

5

950-1000

120

2-4

10

845-970

103

2-4

1

899

103

2

11

Despite a wide use of HIP modes with temperatures lower than solid-state transformation and taking into account characteristics of HCP and BCC lattices, high-temperature beta-titanium possesses following advantages, which can be used during HIP:

  • Low plastic resistance;
  • High ductility;
  • Low mechanical and physical properties anisotropy;
  • High diffusion rate of BCC lattice;
  • Low creep resistance.

These properties should encourage quick and effective defects elimination in titanium alloys castings at a temperature higher than solid-state transformation point.


Research Procedure


Research results showed that traditional HIP parameters, used for VT20 alloy, which includes 5.5-6.8% Al, 0.5-2.0% Mo, 0.8-1.8% V, 1.5-2.5% Zr, (960±10оС, 140 MPa, cooling speed – 5-8 oС /min) sometimes lead to tensile strength decrease. Researchers were faced with a task to create new HIP technology which would improve alloy properties.
In order to find the best HIP mode for VT20 alloy castings were submitted to treatment at different temperatures in Quintus QIH 0,9x1,5x2070-1400 MURC press. The chosen temperatures were: 960oС, 1020oС (solid-state transformation point) and 1050oС. Cooling rate of 40 to 50oC/min was provided to prevent grain growth. Different HIP modes used the same pressure of 140 MPa. Holding time consisted of 2 hours at 960oС with consequent holding at 1020oС or 1050oС for 1 hour. After HIP treatment mechanical tests and microstructure analysis were conducted. Mechanical properties of VT20 alloy are presented in Table 2 and microstructures can be seen in Figure 1.


Results and Discussion


As cast samples possess fine platelet structure and their mechanical properties are within norm. After conventional HIP mode with slow cooling fine structure turned coarse, this led to a drop in mechanical properties. Treatment at 1020oС with rapid cooling at 40oС /min resulted in a fine structure, though properties didn’t reach the needed level. Fine lamellar structure and high mechanical properties were obtained only by samples, which were treated at 1050oС and cooled from beta-titanium temperature at 45-50oС/min.
Research results prove that the optimal HIP mode for titanium alloy VT20 must include temperature higher than solid-state transformation point. Rapid cooling from beta-titanium phase creates fine platelet alpha-titanium structure. While low temperature treatment doesn’t allow to manipulate alpha-titanium grain size without its growth.

Conclusions


High-temperature beta-titanium properties are better suited for HIP treatment than alpha-titanium. According to this data, several experiments were conducted, including different treatment modes, microstructure analysis and mechanical properties tests. Based on research data the optimal HIP mode was chosen. It consists of holding at 960oС for 2 hours, subsequent heating to 1050oС and holding for 1 hour with cooling rate 45-50oС/min. This mode provides fine lamellar structure of alpha-titanium phase and high mechanical properties.
Table 2. Mechanical properties of VT20 alloy samples after different HIP modes


HIP mode

Mechanical properties

σВ, MPa

δ, %

ψ, %

KCU, kJ/m2

НВ

As cast

962

6.80

19.25

568.8

346

As cast + HIP, 960oС, 1 h, cooling rate 5-8oС/min (conventional technology)

889.50

10.50

21.93

653.3

360

As cast + HIP, 960oС, 2 h, 1020oС, 1 h, cooling rate 40oС/min

894.75

7.40

19,15

653.5

365

As cast + HIP, 960oС, 2 h, 1050oС, 1 h, cooling rate 45-50oС/min

923.25

6.20

16.78

600.3

349

Standard norms

≥900

≥5

≥12

≥280

320-360

 as cast, heat                    As cast + HIP, 960oС, 1 h, cooling rate 5-8oС/min (conventional technology)

                                                                                       a)                                                                                            b)

As cast + HIP, 960oС, 2 h, 1050oС, 1 h, cooling rate 45-50oС/min                     Titanium alloy samples microstructure after different HIP modes

          
                                                                                        c)                                                                                            d)

 

References

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